Equal Pay Does Not Require 1:1 Symmetry of Work Performed.
On January 1, 2016 California put considerably more bite into a longstanding equal pay law that was mostly toothless in the proof. Now, the proof has been made easier, and more cases will be filed.
The word that has tripped up Plaintiff’s lawyers since the law’s enactment in 1949 has been “equal.” The proof required near total symmetry of job duties, job location, job effort and required job skill.
The term “equal” in the required proof has now been replaced with the phrase “substantially similar.” The criteria of skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions remain the same. The same job location requirement of the prior law no longer applies.
The Equal Pay Burden of Proof Has Shifted
The burden of proof has shifted to the employer. Once the employee makes the case for “substantially similar,” the employer must prove the gender difference in pay is due to one of several enumerated justifications:
- a seniority system (usually a union contract)
- a merit system;
- a system for paying based on quantity or quality of production;
- some other bona fide consideration, such as education, experience, or training.
I interpret the “systems” requirement means a system that is defined, identifiable, and implemented, that is, one that is not created ex post facto in search of a way to defend a lawsuit. Just how developed and clearly articulated the system must be remains for courts to decide.
“Merit systems” imply to me concrete achievement markers with corresponding evidence, in writing, that the candidates under scrutiny have a real history of meeting those markers, and that the process of grading is rational and consistent. The courts again will sort out the fine points based on appeals from trial court verdicts.
The new law gives longer teeth to fight the standard employer defense of “business necessity.” This legally sanctioned excuse has been the easy way out for employers, who present a modicum of evidence that the particular discriminatory pay (or other practice) is based on legitimate business factors unrelated to sex, age, religion, disability or national origin/ancestry. The usual proof has been delivered by the testimony of a manager who explains the purpose of the decision to fire or demote, or underpay an employee. But in the case of equal pay, the new law requires the proof to be greater. Now “business necessity” is defined as an overriding business purpose that actually fulfills the purpose it is meant to serve. I interpret this to mean the decision has to have a real financial impact on the bottom line, demonstrated by quantitative analysis. However, this too will be an evidentiary issue to be decided by the courts.
The Banking industry and the Insurance Industry, and to some extent, the financial industry, are glass ceiling operations with few females in the C-Suite or Managing Partner circle. Mega law firms, despite hiring more females, also show a pattern of filling mid-level, but not upper level slots with women, even after years of mandatory bias training. These businesses will hopefully now take proactive measures to protect themselves from meritorious lawsuits.
The Equal Pay Law Allows Employees to Freely Share Wage Earning Information Without Retribution.
Labor Code Section 1197.5 (j) (1) sharpens the teeth of the law in another particular:
“An employer shall not prohibit an employee from disclosing the employee’s own wages, discussing the wages of others, inquiring about another employee’s wages, or aiding or encouraging any other employee to exercise his or her rights under this section. Nothing in this section creates an obligation to disclose wages.”
Conclusion
An equal pay case will focus on job descriptions, individual output, employee achievements, prevailing rates in the locale, employer pay grades and systems, performance criteria and performance evaluations, and hard financial measures showing a pay differential is a “business necessity.” California now leads the nation once again in expanding the equal pay law first enacted by the federal government in 1963 and California itself in 1949.
FOOTNOTE: Labor Code Section 1197.5 effective January 1, 2016 is presented in full as follows:
1197.5. (a) An employer shall not pay any of its employees at wage
rates less than the rates paid to employees of the opposite sex for
substantially similar work, when viewed as a composite of skill,
effort, and responsibility, and performed under similar working
conditions, except where the employer demonstrates:
(1) The wage differential is based upon one or more of the
following factors:
(A) A seniority system.
(B) A merit system.
(C) A system that measures earnings by quantity or quality of
production.
(D) A bona fide factor other than sex, such as education,
training, or experience. This factor shall apply only if the employer
demonstrates that the factor is not based on or derived from a
sex-based differential in compensation, is job related with respect
to the position in question, and is consistent with a business
necessity. For purposes of this subparagraph, “business necessity”
means an overriding legitimate business purpose such that the factor
relied upon effectively fulfills the business purpose it is supposed
to serve. This defense shall not apply if the employee demonstrates
that an alternative business practice exists that would serve the
same business purpose without producing the wage differential.
(2) Each factor relied upon is applied reasonably.
(3) The one or more factors relied upon account for the entire
wage differential.
(b) Any employer who violates subdivision (a) is liable to the
employee affected in the amount of the wages, and interest thereon,
of which the employee is deprived by reason of the violation, and an
additional equal amount as liquidated damages.
(c) The Division of Labor Standards Enforcement shall administer
and enforce this section. If the division finds that an employer has
violated this section, it may supervise the payment of wages and
interest found to be due and unpaid to employees under subdivision
(a). Acceptance of payment in full made by an employer and approved
by the division shall constitute a waiver on the part of the employee
of the employee’s cause of action under subdivision (g).
(d) Every employer shall maintain records of the wages and wage
rates, job classifications, and other terms and conditions of
employment of the persons employed by the employer. All of the
records shall be kept on file for a period of three years.
(e) Any employee may file a complaint with the division that the
wages paid are less than the wages to which the employee is entitled
under subdivision (a) or that the employer is in violation of
subdivision (j). The complaint shall be investigated as provided in
subdivision (b) of Section 98.7. The division shall keep confidential
the name of any employee who submits to the division a complaint
regarding an alleged violation of subdivision (a) or (j) until the
division establishes the validity of the complaint, unless the
division must abridge confidentiality to investigate the complaint.
The name of the complaining employee shall remain confidential if the
complaint is withdrawn before the confidentiality is abridged by the
division. The division shall take all proceedings necessary to
enforce the payment of any sums found to be due and unpaid to these
employees.
(f) The department or division may commence and prosecute, unless
otherwise requested by the employee or affected group of employees, a
civil action on behalf of the employee and on behalf of a similarly
affected group of employees to recover unpaid wages and liquidated
damages under subdivision (a), and in addition shall be entitled to
recover costs of suit. The consent of any employee to the bringing of
any action shall constitute a waiver on the part of the employee of
the employee’s cause of action under subdivision (g) unless the
action is dismissed without prejudice by the department or the
division, except that the employee may intervene in the suit or may
initiate independent action if the suit has not been determined
within 180 days from the date of the filing of the complaint.
(g) Any employee receiving less than the wage to which the
employee is entitled under this section may recover in a civil action
the balance of the wages, including interest thereon, and an equal
amount as liquidated damages, together with the costs of the suit and
reasonable attorney’s fees, notwithstanding any agreement to work
for a lesser wage.
(h) A civil action to recover wages under subdivision (a) may be
commenced no later than two years after the cause of action occurs,
except that a cause of action arising out of a willful violation may
be commenced no later than three years after the cause of action
occurs.
(i) If an employee recovers amounts due the employee under
subdivision (b), and also files a complaint or brings an action under
subdivision (d) of Section 206 of Title 29 of the United States Code
which results in an additional recovery under federal law for the
same violation, the employee shall return to the employer the amounts
recovered under subdivision (b), or the amounts recovered under
federal law, whichever is less.
(j) (1) An employer shall not discharge, or in any manner
discriminate or retaliate against, any employee by reason of any
action taken by the employee to invoke or assist in any manner the
enforcement of this section. An employer shall not prohibit an
employee from disclosing the employee’s own wages, discussing the
wages of others, inquiring about another employee’s wages, or aiding
or encouraging any other employee to exercise his or her rights under
this section. Nothing in this section creates an obligation to
disclose wages.
(2) Any employee who has been discharged, discriminated or
retaliated against, in the terms and conditions of his or her
employment because the employee engaged in any conduct delineated in
this section may recover in a civil action reinstatement and
reimbursement for lost wages and work benefits caused by the acts of
the employer, including interest thereon, as well as appropriate
equitable relief.
(3) A civil action brought under this subdivision may be commenced
no later than one year after the cause of action occurs.